Box 5.4: Harmful Algal Blooms and Climate Change

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Box 5.4 Harmful Algal Blooms and Climate Change

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Cross-Chapter Box 9: Integrative Cross-Chapter Box on Low-lying Islands and Coasts

DDrivers of Impacts and Risks

… stratification and circulation; reduced incidence of sea ice at higher latitudes; increased coral bleaching and mortality, poleward species migration; increased algal blooms The ocean has warmed unabated, continuing the clear multi-decadal ocean warming trends documented in AR5. The 0−700 m layer of …

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Technical Summary

TS.5Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities

… EBUS OMZ has altered ecosystem structure and fisheries catches (medium confidence). {Box 5.3}  Since the early 1980s, the occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and pathogenic organisms (e.g., Vibrio) has increased in coastal areas in response to warming, deoxygenation and eutrophication, with negative …

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Chapter 6: Extremes, Abrupt Changes and Managing Risks6.4 Marine Heatwaves and their Implications6.4.2 Impacts on Natural, Physical and Human Systems

6.4.2.3Impacts on the Human System

… of USD in losses among fishing industries (Cavole et al., 2016). In addition, the toxin produced by the harmful algal blooms can be transferred through the marine food web and humans who eat contaminated fish, shellfish or crustaceans (Berdalet et al., …

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Chapter 6: Extremes, Abrupt Changes and Managing Risks6.4 Marine Heatwaves and their Implications6.4.2 Impacts on Natural, Physical and Human Systems

6.4.2.1 Impacts on Marine Organisms and Ecosystems

… to elevated SSTs (Baker-Austin et al., 2013). The Alaskan Sea 2016 MHW favoured some phytoplankton species, leading to harmful algal blooms , shellfish poisoning events and mortality events in seabirds (Walsh et al., 2018; see chapter 3 for more details). …

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Chapter 6: Extremes, Abrupt Changes and Managing Risks6.2 Climate Change influences on Abrupt Changes, Irreversibility, Tipping Points and Extreme Events

6.2.2Recent Anomalous Extreme Climate Events and their Causes

… 2018) Impacts on marine ecosystems in Alaska, included favouring some phytoplankton species, but resulted in one of the largest harmful algal blooms on record which reached the Alaska coast in 2015 (Peterson et al., 2017), uncommon paralytic shellfish poisoning events in …

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Chapter 6: Extremes, Abrupt Changes and Managing Risks6.2 Climate Change influences on Abrupt Changes, Irreversibility, Tipping Points and Extreme Events

6.2.1Introduction

… considerably smaller. Medium confidence Marine heatwave (MHW) increase (Section 6.4) Yes Reversible within decades to centuries Coral bleaching, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, harmful algal blooms , species redistribution Very likely (very high confidence) for physical changes. High confidence for impacts Arctic sea ice retreat (Section 3.3) Yes Reversible within …

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Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities5.4 Changing Marine Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being

5.4.2Climate Risk, Vulnerability and Exposure of Human Communities and their Well-being

  Dimensions Sections under 5.4.2  Human and environmental health  Water-borne diseases (5.4.2.1.1) Harmful algal blooms (HABs) (Box 5.4) Interactions with contaminants (5.4.2.1.2) Food security (5.4.2.1.3) Culture and other social dimensions Cultural and aesthetic values (5.4.2.2.1) Potential conflicts in resource utilisation …

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Chapter 4: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities4.4. Responding to Sea Level Rise4.4.2 Observed and Projected Responses, their Costs, Benefits, Co-benefits, Drawbacks, Efficiency and Governance

4.4.2.4Advance

… impacts such as loss of biodiversity, decline of bird species and fisheries resources, reduced water purification, and more frequent harmful algal blooms (Wang et al., 2014). For example, the reclamation of about 29,000 ha of land in Saemangeum, Republic of Korea, in …

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Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities

ESExecutive Summary

… EBUS OMZ has altered ecosystem structure and fisheries catches (medium confidence). {Box 5.3}  Since the early 1980s, the occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and pathogenic organisms (e.g., Vibrio) has increased in coastal areas in response to warming, deoxygenation and eutrophication, with negative …

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