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Summary for Policymakers
Table of Contents
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Summary for Policymakers
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Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Glossary

Summary for Policymakers

IIntroduction
AUnderstanding Global Warming of 1.5°C*
BProjected Climate Change, Potential Impacts and Associated Risks
CEmission Pathways and System Transitions Consistent with 1.5°C Global Warming
DStrengthening the Global Response in the Context of Sustainable Development and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty
+Core Concepts Central to this Special Report
+Acknowledgements
+Citation
SDSPM Downloads

Framing and Context

ESExecutive Summary
XCitation
1.1Assessing the Knowledge Base for a 1.5°C Warmer World
1.2Understanding 1.5°C: Reference Levels, Probability, Transience, Overshoot, and Stabilization
1.3Impacts at 1.5°C and Beyond
- 1.3.1Definitions
- 1.3.2Drivers of Impacts
- 1.3.3Uncertainty and Non-Linearity of Impacts
1.4Strengthening the Global Response
1.5Assessment Frameworks and Emerging Methodologies that Integrate Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation with Sustainable Development
- 1.5.1Knowledge Sources and Evidence Used in the Report
- 1.5.2Assessment Frameworks and Methodologies
1.6Confidence, Uncertainty and Risk
1.7Storyline of the Report
FAQsFrequently Asked Questions
SMSupplementary Material
CDChapter Downloads

Mitigation pathways compatible with 1.5°C in the context of sustainable development

ESExecutive Summary
XCitation
2.1Introduction to Mitigation Pathways and the Sustainable Development Context
2.2Geophysical Relationships and Constraints
- 2.2.1Geophysical Characteristics of Mitigation Pathways
  - 2.2.1.1Geophysical uncertainties: non-CO₂ forcing agents
  - 2.2.1.2Geophysical uncertainties: climate and Earth system feedbacks
- 2.2.2The Remaining 1.5°C Carbon Budget
  - 2.2.2.1Carbon budget estimates
  - 2.2.2.2CO₂ and non-CO₂ contributions to the remaining carbon budget
2.3Overview of 1.5°C Mitigation Pathways
2.4Disentangling the Whole-System Transformation
- 2.4.1Energy System Transformation
- 2.4.2Energy Supply
- 2.4.3Energy End-Use Sectors
  - 2.4.3.1Industry
  - 2.4.3.2Buildings
  - 2.4.3.3Transport
- 2.4.4Land-Use Transitions and Changes in the Agricultural Sector
2.5Challenges, Opportunities and Co-Impacts of Transformative Mitigation Pathways
- 2.5.1Policy Frameworks and Enabling Conditions
- 2.5.2Economic and Investment Implications of 1.5°C Pathways
  - 2.5.2.1Price of carbon emissions
  - 2.5.2.2Investments
- 2.5.3Sustainable Development Features of 1.5°C Pathways
2.6Knowledge Gaps
- 2.6.1Geophysical Understanding
- 2.6.2Integrated Assessment Approaches
- 2.6.3Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)
FAQsFrequently Asked Questions
SMSupplementary Material
CDChapter Downloads

Impacts of 1.5ºC global warming on natural and human systems

ESExecutive Summary
XCitation
3.1About the Chapter
3.2How are Risks at 1.5°C and Higher Levels of Global Warming Assessed in this Chapter?
- 3.2.1How are Changes in Climate and Weather at 1.5°C versus Higher Levels of Warming Assessed?
- 3.2.2How are Potential Impacts on Ecosystems Assessed at 1.5°C versus Higher Levels of Warming?
3.3Global and Regional Climate Changes and Associated Hazards
3.4Observed Impacts and Projected Risks in Natural and Human Systems
- 3.4.1Introduction
- 3.4.2Freshwater Resources (Quantity and Quality)
  - 3.4.2.1Water availability
  - 3.4.2.2Extreme hydrological events (floods and droughts)
  - 3.4.2.3Groundwater
  - 3.4.2.4Water quality
  - 3.4.2.5Soil erosion and sediment load
- 3.4.3Terrestrial and Wetland Ecosystems
  - 3.4.3.1Biome shifts
  - 3.4.3.2Changes in phenology
  - 3.4.3.3Changes in species range, abundance and extinction
  - 3.4.3.4Changes in ecosystem function, biomass and carbon stocks
  - 3.4.3.5Regional and ecosystem-specific risks
  - 3.4.3.6Summary of implications for ecosystem services
- 3.4.4Ocean Ecosystems
  - 3.4.4.1Observed impacts
  - 3.4.4.2Warming and stratification of the surface ocean
  - 3.4.4.3Storms and coastal runoff
  - 3.4.4.4Ocean circulation
  - 3.4.4.5Ocean acidification
  - 3.4.4.6Deoxygenation
  - 3.4.4.7Loss of sea ice
  - 3.4.4.8Sea level rise
  - 3.4.4.9Projected risks and adaptation options for oceans under global warming of 1.5°C or 2°C above pre-industrial levels
  - 3.4.4.10Framework organisms (tropical corals, mangroves and seagrass)
  - 3.4.4.11Ocean foodwebs (pteropods, bivalves, krill and fin fish)
  - 3.4.4.12Key ecosystem services (e.g., carbon uptake, coastal protection, and tropical coral reef recreation)
- 3.4.5Coastal and Low-Lying Areas, and Sea Level Rise
  - 3.4.5.1Global / sub-global scale
  - 3.4.5.2Cities
  - 3.4.5.3Small islands
  - 3.4.5.4Deltas and estuaries
  - 3.4.5.5Wetlands
  - 3.4.5.6Other coastal settings
  - 3.4.5.7Adapting to coastal change
- 3.4.6Food, Nutrition Security and Food Production Systems (Including Fisheries and Aquaculture)
  - 3.4.6.1Crop production
  - 3.4.6.2Livestock production
  - 3.4.6.3Fisheries and aquaculture production
- 3.4.7Human Health
  - 3.4.7.1Projected risk at 1.5°C and 2°C of global warming
- 3.4.8Urban Areas
- 3.4.9