Cross-Chapter Box 8 | Ecosystem services and Nature’s Contributions to People, and their relation to the land–climate system

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CCB8 Ecosystem services and Nature’s Contributions to People, and their relation to the land–climate system

… identified by Díaz et al. (2018) to see where there are co-benefits and adverse side effects. For instance, while BECCS may deliver on climate mitigation, it results in a number of adverse side effects that are significant with regard to …

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Chapter 6 : Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: synergies, trade-offs and integrated response options6.4 Managing interactions and interlinkages

6.4.1Feasibility of the integrated response options with respect to costs, barriers, saturation and reversibility

… the cost of agroforestry is less than 10 USD tCO2e–1) while others have much higher costs (e.g., the cost of BECCS could be as much as 250 USD tCO2e–1). In addition to cost, other economic barriers may prevent implementation; for example, …

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Chapter 6 : Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: synergies, trade-offs and integrated response options6.3 Potentials for addressing the land challenges

6.3.6Summarising the potential of the integrated response options across mitigation, adaptation, desertification land degradation and food security

… competition for land if applied at scale: afforestation, reforestation, and land used to provide feedstock for bioenergy (with or without BECCS ) and biochar, with three further options: reduced grassland conversion to croplands, restoration and reduced conversion of peatlands, and restoration …

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Chapter 7 : Risk management and decision making in relation to sustainable development7.2 Climate-related risks for land-based human systems and ecosystems7.2.3 Risks arising from responses to climate change

7.2.3.2Risk associated with land-based mitigation

… competition for land and water resources. This section focuses specifically on bioenergy and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage ( BECCS ) since it is one of the most prominent land-based mitigation strategies in future mitigation scenarios (along with large-scale forest …

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Chapter 6 : Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: synergies, trade-offs and integrated response options6.3 Potentials for addressing the land challenges6.3.2 Potential of the integrated response options for delivering adaptation

6.3.2.1Integrated response options based on land management

… and food security (Beerling et al. 2018), but there is no literature estimating the global adaptation benefits. Large-scale bioenergy and BECCS can require substantial amounts of cropland (Popp et al. 2017; Calvin et al. 2014; Smith et al. 2016a[reference …

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Chapter 6 : Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: synergies, trade-offs and integrated response options6.3 Potentials for addressing the land challenges6.3.1 Potential of the integrated response options for delivering mitigation

6.3.1.1Integrated response options based on land management

… Lenton 2010; Smith et al. 2016a; Taylor et al. 2016) (Table 6.17). The mitigation potential for bioenergy and BECCS derived from bottom-up models is large (IPCC 2018) (Chapter 2 and Cross- Chapter Box 7 in this chapter), with …

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Chapter 6 : Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: synergies, trade-offs and integrated response options6.2 Response options, co-benefits and adverse side effects across the land challenges6.2.1 Integrated response options based on land management

6.2.1.5Integrated response options based on land management specifically for carbon dioxide removal (CDR)

… 2006; Smith et al. 2016a; Taylor et al. 2016 Bioenergy and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage ( BECCS ) Bioenergy production can mitigate climate change by delivering an energy service, therefore avoiding combustion of fossil energy. It is the most …

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Chapter 6 : Interlinkages between desertification, land degradation, food security and GHG fluxes: synergies, trade-offs and integrated response options

6.2Response options, co-benefits and adverse side effects across the land challenges

… forest restoration Agricultural diversification Mixed crop-livestock systems Agroforestry Agroforestry and silviculture Biochar addition to soil Biochar Biodiversity conservation Biodiversity conservation Bioenergy and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage ( BECCS )

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Chapter 5 : Food Security5.7 Enabling conditions and knowledge gaps5.7.5 Knowledge gaps and key research areas

5.7.5.3Synergies and trade-offs

… side (e.g., inhibitors, targeted breeding, cellular agriculture, etc.). Additionally, most integrated assessment models (IAMs) currently have limited regional data on BECCS projects because of little

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Chapter 2 : Land–Climate interactions2.6 Climate consequences of response options

2.6.3The contribution of response options to the Paris Agreement

… and demand-side management) at 3.7 (2.6–4.8) GtCO2-eq yr–1; forests at 5.3 (4.1–6.5) GtCO2-eq yr–1, bioenergy at 0.9 GtCO2-eq yr–1 and BECCS at 0.3 (0.2–0.4) GtCO2-eq yr–1 (UNEP 2017) (Table 4.1). These response options account for 35% of potential reduction (or …

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